| Table
2: |
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Major
Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Scleroderma
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- Cutaneous
- Skin
fibrosis
- Swollen
fingers and hands
- Flexion
contractures and tendon friction rubs
- Vascular
- Raynaud's
phenomenon and nailfold capillary changes
- Digital
ischemia/ulcers
- Pulmonary
- Alveolitis
and interstitial fibrosis
- Pulmonary
hypertension
- Restrictive
lung disease (decreased thoracic compliance)
- Aspiration
pneumonitis (esophageal reflux and dysmotility)
- Cardiac
- Arrhythmia
and conduction disorders (myocardial fibrosis)
- Heart
failure
- Renal
- Renal
crisis (hypertension, renal failure, microangiopathy)
- Musculoskeletal/Rheumatologic
- Arthralgia
and myalgias
- Erosive
arthropathy (rare)
- Median
nerve entrapment
- Gastrointestinal
- Gastroesophageal
reflux and peptic stricture
- Esophageal
dysmotility
- Gastric
bleeding from ectatic vessels
(gastric antral vascular ectasia, or "watermelon stomach")
- Malabsorption
and diarrhea (bacterial overgrowth)
- Primary
biliary cirrhosis
- Endocrine
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