Table 2: Risk factors for Osteoporosis
     
    Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

     Modifiable Risk Factors

    Race/Sex (White/Asian women)
    Advanced age
    Family history
    Early menopause
    Chronic illness (e.g., primary hyperparathyroidism,
                           hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome,
                           Addison's disease, malabsorption syndromes)


    Low weight/height ratio
    High alcohol intake
    Low calcium intake
    High caffeine intake
    Sedentary lifestyle
    Cigarette smoking
    Medications which cause osteoporosis (e.g., glucocorticoids,
             phenytoin, excessive thyroid replacement, long-term
             heparin therapy)
     Medications which can contribute to the risk of falls
             (e.g., anticholinergics, antihypertensives with a high
              incidence of orthostatic hypotension, tricylic antide-
              pressants)