Findings from the Department of Outcomes
Research and Outcomes Research Consortium

References

1. Frank SM, Beattie C, Christopherson R, Norris EJ, Rock P, Parker S, Kimball AW.
   Epidural versus general anesthesia, ambient operating room temperature, and patient age as predictors of inadvertent hypothermia. Anesthesiology. 1992; 77: 252-257.
2. Morris RH, Wilkey BR. The effects of ambient temperature on patient temperature during surgery not involving body cavities. Anesthesiology. 1970;32:102-107.
3. Morris RH. Influence of ambient temperature on patient temperature during intraabdominal surgery. Ann Surg. 1971;173: 230-233.
4. Morris RH. Operating room temperature and the anesthetized, paralyzed patient. Surgery. 1971; 102:95-97.
5. Kurz A, Kurz M, Poeschl G, Faryniak B, Redl G, Hackl W. Forced-air warming maintains intraoperative normothermia better than circulating-water mattresses. Anesth Analg. 1993; 77:89-95.
6. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Narzt E, Lenhart R. Morphometric influences on intraoperative core temperature changes. Anesth Analg. 1995;80: 562-567.
7. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Narzt E, Bekar A, Lenhardt R, Huemer G. Postoperative hemodynamic and thermoregulatory consequences of intraoperative core hypothermia. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7:359-366.
8. De Witte J, Deloof T, De Veylder J, Housmans PR. Tramadol in the treatment of postanesthetic shivering. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41:506-10.
9. Horn EP, Werner C, Sessler DI, Steinfath M, Schulte AM Esch J. Late intraoperative administration of clonidine prevents postanesthetic shiverirng after total intravenous or volatile anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:613-617.
10. Barbour HG. Die Wirkung unmittelbarer Erwärmung und Abkühlung der Wärmezentrum auf die Körpertemperetur. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol. 1912;70:1-15.
11. Mehler WH, Feferman ME, Nauta WJH. Ascending axon degeneration following anterolateral cordotomy. An experimental study in the monkey. Brain. 1960;83:718-750.
12. Crawshaw LI, Wollmuth LP, O'Connor CS, Rausch RN, Simpson L. Body temperature regulation in vertebrates: Comparative aspects and neuronal elements, Thermoregulation: Physiology and Biochemistry. Edited by Schönbaum E, Lomax P. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp 209-220.
13. Hori T, Kuriyama K, Nakashima T. Thermal responsiveness of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. J Physiol Soc Jpn. 1988;50:619.
14. Asami T, Hori T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Convergence of thermal signals on the reticulospinal neurons in the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. BrainRes Bull. 1988;20:581-596.
15. Nakayama T, Hardy JD. Unit responses in the rabbit's brain stem to changes in brain and cutaneous temperature. J Appl Physiol. 1969;27:848-857.
16. Hori T, Harada Y. Midbrain neuronal responses to local and spinal cord temperatures. Am J Physiol. 1976;231:1573-1578.
17. Hori T, Harada Y. Responses of midbrain raphe neurons to local temperature. Pflügers Arch. 1976;364:205-207.
18. Dickenson AH. Specific responses of rat raphe neurons to skin temperature. J Physiol. 1977;273: 277-293.
19. Inoue S, Murakami N. Unit responses in the medulla oblongata of rabbit to changes in local and cutaneous temperature. J Physiol (Lond). 1976;259:339-356.
20. Cabanac M: Temperature regulation. Annu Rev Physiol. 1975;37:415-39.
21. Simon E, Iriki M. Sensory transmission of spinal heat and cold sensitivity in ascending spinal neurons. Pflügers Arch. 1971;328:103-120.
22. Pehl U, Simon E, Schmid HA. Properties of spinal neuronal thermosensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;813:138-145.
23. Satinoff E. Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals. Science. 1978; 201:16-22.
24. Simon E. Temperature regulation: the spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1974;71:1-76.
25. Guieu JD, Hardy JD. Effects of heating and cooling of the spinal cord on preoptic unit activity. J Appl Physiol. 1970;29:675-83.
26. Chambers WW, Seigel MS, Liu JC, Liu CN. Thermoregulatory responses of decerebrate and spinal cats. Exp Neurol. 1974;42:282-99.
27. Bacon M, Bligh J. Interaction between the effects of spinal heating and cooling and of injections into a lateral cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol on thermoregulation in sheep. J Physiol (Lond). 1976;254:213-27.
28. Banet M, Hensel H, Liebermann H. The central control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat. J Physiol (Lond). 1978;283: 569-84.
29. Boulant JA, Hardy JD. The effect of spinal and skin temperatures on the firing rate and thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones. J Physiol (Lond).1974;240:639-660.
30. Simon E, Rautenberg W, Thauer R, Iriki M. Die Auslösung von Kältezittern durch lokale Kühlung im Wirbelkanal. Pflügers Arch. 1964;281:309-331.
31. Simon E, Klussmann FW, Rautenberg W, Kosaka M. Kältezittern bei narkotisierten spinalen Hunden. Pflügers Arch. 1966;291:187-204.
32. Kosaka M, Simon E, Thauer R. Shivering in intact and spinal rabbits during spinal cord cooling. Experientia. 1967;23:385-387.
33. Schmidt KD, Chan CW. Thermoregulation and fever in normal persons and in those with spinal cord injuries. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992;67:469-475.
34. Schmieg G, Mercer JB, Jessen C. Thermosensitivity of the extrahypothalamic brain stem in conscious goats. Brain Res. 1980;188:383-397.
35. Amini-Sereshki L, Zarrindast MR. Brain stem tonic inhibition of thermoregulation in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1984;247:R154-R159.
36. Hinckel P, Schröder-Rosenstock K. Responses of pontine units to skin-temperature changes in the guinea-pig. J Physiol. 1981;314:189-194.
37. Foote SL, Bloom FE, Aston-Jones G. Nucleus locus coeruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol Rev. 1983;63:844-914.
38. Brück K, Hinckel P. Thermoregulatory noradrenergic and serotoninergic pathways to hypothalamic units. J Physiol. 1980;304:193-202.
39. Zeisberger E, Roth J. Central regulation of adaptive responses to heat and cold, Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology. Edited by Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp 579-595.
40. Sato H. Raphe-spinal and subcoeruleo-spinal modulation of temperature signal transmission in rats. J Therm Biol. 1993;18:211-221.
41. Berner NJ, Grahn DA, Heller HC. 8-OH-DPAT-sensitive neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus modulate thermoregulatory output in rats. Brain Res. 1999;831:155-164.
42. Silva NL, Boulant JA. Effects of testosterone, estradiol, and temperature on neurons in preoptic tissue slices. Am J Physiol. 1986; 250: R625-R632.
43. Silva NL, Boulant JA. Effects of osmotic pressure, glucose, and temperature on neurons in preoptic tissue slices. Am J Physiol. 1984;247:R335-R345.
44. Nakashima T, Hori T, Kiyohara T, Shibata M. Osmosensitivity of preoptic thermosensitive neurons in hypothalamic slices in vitro. Pflügers Arch. 1985;405:112-117.
45. Koga H, Hori T, Inoue T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Convergence of hepatoportal osmotic and cardiovascular signals on preoptic thermosensitive neurons. Brain Res Bull. 1987;19:109-113.
46. Boulant JA, Silva NL. Interactions of reproductive steroids, osmotic pressure and glucose on thermosensitive neurons in preoptic tissue slices. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987;65:1267-1273.
47. Koga H, Hori T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Responses of preoptic thermosensitive neurons to changes in blood pressure. Brain Res Bull. 1987;18:749-755.
48. Kanosue K, Nakayama T, Ishikawa Y, Imai-Matsumura K. Responses of hypothalamic and thalamic neurons to noxious and scrotal thermal stimulations in rats. J Therm Biol. 1984;9:11-13.
49. Tamaki Y, Nakayama T, Matsumura K. Effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on preoptic thermosensitive neurons. Pflügers Arch. 1986;407:8-13.
50. Hori T, Kiyohara T, Shibata M, Oomura Y, Nishino H, Aou S, Fujita I. Responsiveness of monkey preoptic thermosensitive neurons to non-thermal emotional stimuli. Brain Res Bull. 1986; 17:75-82.
51. Boulant JA, Demieville HN. Responses of thermosensitive preoptic and septal neurons to hippocampal and brain stem stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 1977;40:1356-1368.
52. Glotzbach SF, Heller HC. Changes in the thermal characteristics of hypothalamic neurons during sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res. 1984;309:17-26.
53. Derambure PS, Boulant JA. Circadian thermosensitive characteristics of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1994;266:R1876-1884.
54. Hori T, Katafuchi T. Cell biology and the functions of thermosensitive neurons in the brain. Prog Brain Res. 1998;115:9-23.
55. Brück K, Zeisberger E. Adaptive changes in thermoregulation and their neuropharmacological basis, Thermoregulation: Physiology and Biochemistry. Edited by Schönbaum E, Lomax P. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1990, pp 255-307.
56. Boulant JA. Hypothalamic neurons regulating body temperature, Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology. Edited by Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp 105-126.
57. Boulant JA. The effect of firing rate on preoptic neuronal thermosensitivity. J Physiol. 1974;240:661-669.
58. Jessen C. Interaction of body temperatures in control of thermoregulatory effector mechanisms, Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology. Edited by Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp 127-138.
59. Banet M, Hensel H. Nonshivering thermogenesis induced by repetitive hypothalamic cooling in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1976;230:522-526.
60. Sessler DI. Current concept: Mild perioperative hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1730-37.
61. Webb P. The physiology of heat regulation. Am J Physiol. 1995; 37:R838-R850.
62. Hales JRS. Skin arteriovenous anastomoses, their control and role in thermoregulation, Cardiovascular Shunts: Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Clinical Aspects. Edited by Johansen K, Burggren W. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1985, pp 433-451.
63. Sessler DI, Moayeri A, Støen R, Glosten B, Hynson J, McGuire J. Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous heat loss. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:656-660.
64. Sessler DI, Hynson J, McGuire J, Moayeri A, Heier T. Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during isoflurane anesthesia minimally decreases heat loss. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:670-675.
65. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Christensen R, Dechert M. Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:491-499.
66. Belani K, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, Schroeder M, McGuire J, Washington D, Moayeri A. Leg heat content continues to decrease during the core temperature plateau in humans. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:856-863.
67. Matsukawa T, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Bjorksten AR, Merrifield B, Cheng C. Propofol linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1169-1180.
68. Annadata RS, Sessler DI, Tayefeh F, Kurz A, Dechert M. Desflurane slightly increases the sweating threshold, but produces marked, non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology.1995;83:1205-1211.
69. Xiong J, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Plattner O, Christensen R, Dechert M, Ikeda T. Isoflurane produces marked and non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:240-245.
70. Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI, Kaer K, Larson M, Bjorksten AR. Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:293-299.
71. Dawkins MJR, Scopes JW. Non-shivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in the human new-born infant. Nature. 1965;206:201-202.
72. Jessen K. An assessment of human regulatory nonshivering thermogenesis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1980;24:138-143.
73. Hynson JM, Sessler DI, Moayeri A, McGuire J. Absence of nonshivering thermogenesis in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology. 1993;79: 695-703.
74. Plattner O, Semsroth M, Sessler DI, Papousek A, Klasen C, Wagner O. Lack of nonshivering thermogenesis in infants anesthetized with fentanyl and propofol. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:772-777.
75. Giesbrecht GG, Sessler DI, Mekjavic IB, Schroeder M, Bristow GW.Treatment of immersion hypothermia by direct body-to-body contact. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76:2373-2379.
76. Horvath SM, Spurr GB, Hutt BK, Hamilton LH. Metabolic cost of shivering. J Appl Physiol. 1956; 8: 595-602.
77. Israel DJ, Pozos RS. Synchronized slow-amplitude modulations in the electromyograms of shivering muscles. J Appl Physiol. 1989;66:2358-2363.
78. Sessler DI, Rubinstein EH, Moayeri A. Physiologic responses to mild perianesthetic hypothermia in humans. Anesthesiology. 1991;75: 594-610.
79. Hammel HT, Hardy JD, Fusco MM. Thermoregulatory responses to hypothalamic cooling in unanesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol. 1960;198:481-486.
80. Kanosue K, Zhang YH, Yanase-Fujiwara M, Hosono T. Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory shivering. Am J Physiol. 1994;267:R275-R282.
81. Birzis L, Hemingway A. Efferent brain discharge during shivering. J Neurophysiol. 1957;20:156-166.
82. Gilbert TM, Blatteis CM. Hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways in the rat. J Appl Physiol. 1977;43:770-777.
83. Stuart DG, Kawamura Y, Hemingway A. Activation and suppression of shivering during septal and hypothalamic stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1961;4:485-506.
84. Stuart DG, Kawamura Y, Hemingway A. Effects of septal and hypothalamic lesions on shivering. Exp Neurol. 1962;5:335-347.
85. Halvorson I, Thornhill J. Posterior hypothalamic stimulation of anesthetized normothermic and hypothermic rats evokes shivering thermogenesis. Brain Res. 1993;610:208-215.
86. Benzinger TH, Pratt AW, Kitzinger C. The thermostatic control of human metabolic heat production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1961;47:730-739.
87. Asami A, Asami T, Hori T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Thermally-induced activities of the mesencephalic reticulospinal and rubrospinal neurons in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 1988;20:387-398.
88. Henneman E. Organization of the motoneuron pool. The size principle, Medical Physiology, Fourteenth Edition. Edited by Mountcastle VB. St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby Company, 1980, pp 718-741.
89. Stuart D, Ott K, Ishikawa K, Eldred E. The rhythm of shivering: I. General sensory contributions. Am J Physic Med. 1966;45: 61-74.
90. Stuart D, Ott K, Ishikawa K, Eldred E. The rhythm of shivering: II. Passive proprioceptive contributions. Am J Physic Med. 1966;45:75-90.
91. Stuart D, Ott K, Ishikawa K, Eldred E. The rhythm of shivering: III. Central contributions. Am J Physic Med. 1966;45:91-104.
92. Stelter WJ, Klussmann FW. [Influence of spinal cord temperature on the stretch response of tonic and phasic alpha-motoneurons]. Pflügers Arch.1969; 309: 310-327.
93. Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter DO. Excitability and inhibitibility of motoneurons of different sizes. J Neurophysiol. 1965;28:599-620.
94. Klussmann FW, Spaan G, Stelter HJ, Rau B. [Synchronization of motor neuron discharges during shivering]. Pflügers Arch. 1969; 312:R108.
95. Lupandin I. [Regulation of the function of gamma- and alpha-motor neurons of antagonist muscles during cold tremor in the cat]. Neirofiziologiia. 1983;15:242-248.
96. Niemann U, Windhorst U, Meyer-Lohmann J. Linear and nonlinear effects in the interactions of motor units and muscle spindle afferents. Exp Brain Res. 1986;63:639-649.
97. Lippold OCJ, Redfearn JWT, Vuco J. The influence of afferent and descending pathways on the rhythmical and arrhythmical components of muscular activity in man and the anaesthetized cat. J Physiol. 1959;146:1-9.
98. Günther H, Brunner R, Klussmann FW. Spectral analysis of tremorine and cold tremor electromyograms in animal species of different size. Pflügers Arch. 1983;399:180-5.
99. Schäfer SS, Schäfer S. The behavior of the proprioceptors of the muscle and the innervation of the fusimotor system during cold shivering. Exp Brain Res. 1973;17:364-80.
100. Schäfer SS, Schäfer S. The role of the primary afference in the generation of a cold shivering tremor. Exp Brain Res. 1973;17:381-93.
101. Meurer KA, Jessen C, Iriki M. [Cold-shivering during isolated cooling of the spinal cord following section of the dorsal roots]. Pflügers Arch. 1967;293:236-255.
102. De Courcy JG, Eldred C. Artefactual "hypotension" from shivering. Anaesthesia. 1989;44:787-88.
103. Barker SJ, Shah NK. Effects of motion on the performance of pulse oximeters in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:774-81.
104. Mahajan RP, Grover VK, Sharma SL, Singh H. Intraocular pressure changes during muscular hyperactivity after general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:419-421.
105. Rosa G, Pinto G, Orsi P, De Blasi RA, Conti G, Sanita R, La Rosa I, Gasparetto A. Control of post anaesthetic shivering with nefopam hydrochloride in mildly hypothermic patients after neurosurgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39:90-95.
106. Ostheimer GW, Datta S. Observations in the postpartum recovery room after various local anesthetic techniques. Reg Anesth. 1981;6:13-17.
107. Ciofolo MJ, Clergue F, Devilliers C, Ben-Ammar M, Viars P. Changes in ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1989; 70: 737-741.
108. Just B, Delva E, Camus Y, Lienhart A. Oxygen uptake during recovery following naloxone. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:60-64.
109. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Olson KF, Gorman RB, Higgins MS, Breslow MJ, Sitzmann JV, Beattie C. Multivariate determinants of early postoperative oxygen consumption in elderly patients. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:241-249.
110. Carli F, Gabrielczyk M, Clark MM, Aber VR. An investigation of factors affecting postoperative rewarming of adult patients. Anaesthesia. 1986;41:363-369.
111. Collins KJ, Dore C, Exton-Smith AN, Fox RH, MacDonald IC, Woodward PM. Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homeostasis in the elderly. Br Med J. 1977;1(6057): 353-356.
112. Vassilieff N, Rosencher N, Sessler DI, Conseiller C. The shivering threshold during spinal anesthesia is reduced in the elderly. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:1162-1166.
113. Kurz A, Plattner O, Sessler DI, Huemer G, Redl G, Lackner F. The threshold for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during nitrous oxide/isoflurane anesthesia is lower in elderly than young patients. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:465-469.
114. Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Suzuki H, Ozaki K, Atarashi K, Negishi C. The threshold for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction during nitrous oxide/sevofluruane anesthesia is reduced in elderly patients. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:1029-1033.
115. Collins KJ, Exton-Smith AN, Dore C. Urban hypothermia: preferred temperature and thermal perception in old age. Br Med J. 1981;282:175-177.
116. Wagner JA, Robinson S, Marino RP. Age and temperature regulation of humans in neutral and cold environments. J Appl Physiol. 1974;37:562-5.
117. Stoner HB, Frayn KN, Little RA, Threlfall CJ, Yates DW, Barton RN, Heath DF. Metabolic aspects of hypothermia in the elderly. Clin Sci. 1980;59:19-27.
118. Gautier H, Bonora M, Schultz SA, Remmers JE. Hypoxia-induced changes in shivering and body temperature. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 62:2477-2484.
119. Iwashita H, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Sessler DI, Imamura M, Kumazawa T. Hypoxemia decreases the shivering threshold in rabbits anesthetized with 0.2 MAC isoflurane. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:1408-1411.
120. Frank SM, Higgins MS, Breslow MJ, Fleisher LA, Gorman RB, Sitzmann JV, Raff H, Beattie C. The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:83-93.
121. Hines R, Barash PG, Watrous G, O'Connor T. Complications occurring in the postanesthesia care unit: A survey. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:503-509.
122. Vaughan MS, Vaughan RW, Cork RC. Postoperative hypothermia in adults: Relationship of age, anesthesia, and shivering to rewarming. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:746-751.
123. Holm EP, Sessler DI, Standl T, am Esch JS. Shivering following normothermic desflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl. 1997;111:321-2.
124. Horn E-P, Sessler DI, Standl T, Schroeder F, Bartz HJ, Beyer J-C, Schulte AM, Esch J. Non-thermoregulatory shivering in patients recovering from isoflurane or desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:878-886.
125. Horn EP, Schroeder F, Wilhelm S, Sessler DI, Standl T, von dem Busche K, Schulte AM, Esch J. Postoperative pain facilitates non-thermoregulatory tremor. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:979-984.
126. Panzer O, Ghazanfari N, Sessler DI, YŸcel Y, Greher M, Akca O, Donner A, Germann P, Kurz A. Shivering and shivering-like tremor during labor with and without epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1609-16.
127. Lenhardt R, Negishi C, Sessler DI, Ozaki M, Tayefeh F, Kurz A. Paralysis only slightly reduces the febrile response to interleukin-2 during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:648-656.
128. Frank SM, Wu M, Bulcao C, Kelly S. Postoperative hyperpyrexia occurs commonly without leukocytosis or clinically evident infection. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:A231.
129. Hynson JM, Sessler DI, Glosten B, McGuire J. Thermal balance and tremor patterns during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:680-690.
130. Rosner G. The influence of thermal stimulation of the spinal cord and skin on the activity of hypothalamic units. J Comp Physiol. 1978;126:151-156.
131. Boulant JA, Bignall KE. Changes in thermosensitive characteristics of hypothalamic units over time. Am J Physiol. 1973;225:311-318.
132. Parmeggiani PL, Cevolani D, Azzaroni A, Ferrari G. Thermosensitivity of anterior hypothalamic-preoptic neurons during the waking-sleeping cycle: a study in brain functional states. Brain Res. 1987;415:79-89.
133. Hori T, Shibata M, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Prefrontal cortical influences on behavioural thermoregulation and thermosensitive neurons. J Therm Biol. 1984;9:27-31.
134. Shibata M, Hori T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T. Activity of hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons during cortical spreading depression in the rat. Brain Res. 1984;308:255-262.
135. Hori T, Kiyohara T, Nakashima T, Shibata M. Responses of preoptic thermosensitive neurons to medial forebrain bundle stimulation. Brain Res Bull. 1982;8:667-675.
136. Berner NJ, Heller HC. Does the preoptic anterior hypothalamus receive thermoafferent information? Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R9-R18.
137. Grahn DA, Heller HC. Activity of most rostral ventromedial medulla neurons reflect EEG/EMG pattern changes. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:R1496-R1505.
138. Grahn DA, Radeke CM, Heller HC. Arousal state vs. temperature effects on neuronal activity in subcoeruleus area. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:R840-R849.
139. Brichard G, Johnstone M. The effect of methylphenidate (ritalin) on post-halothane muscular spasticity. Br J Anaesth. 1970;42:718-21.
140. Vogelsang J, Hayes SR. Stadol [butorphanol] attenuates postanesthesia shivering. J Post Anesth Nursing. 1989;4:222-27.
141. Joris J, Banache M, Bonnet F, Sessler DI, Lamy M. Clonidine and ketanserin both are effective treatment for postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesiology. 1993;79: 532-539.
142. Sarma V, Fry ENS. Doxapram after general anaesthesia: its role in stopping shivering during recovery. Anaesthesia.1991;46:460-461.
143. Sharma DR, Thakur JR. Ketamine and shivering. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:252-53.
144. Horn EP, Standl T, Sessler DI, von Knobelsdorff G, Büchs C, Schulte AM, Esch J. Physostigmine prevents postanesthetic shivering as does meperidine or clonidine. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:108-13.
145. Kurz M, Belani K, Sessler DI, Kurz A, Larson M, Blanchard D, Schroeder M. Naloxone, meperidine, and shivering. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:1193-1201.
146. De Witte JL, Kim J-S, Sessler DI, Bastanmehr H, Bjorksten AR. Tramadol reduces the shivering, vasoconstriction, and sweating thresholds. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:173-179.
147. Kizilirmak S, Karakaş SE, Akça O, Ozkan T, Yavru A, Pembeci K, Sessler DI, Telci L. Magnesium sulfate stops postanesthetic shivering. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;813:799-806.
148. Fry ENS. Postoperative shivering (letter). Anaesthesia. 1983;38:172.
149. Greif R, Rajek A, Laciny S, Doufas AG, Sessler DI. Neither nalbuphine, a kappa-receptor opioid, nor atropine possesses special anti-shivering activity. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1999; 17 (Suppl. 19): A-273.
150. Pauca AL, Savage RT, Simpson S, Roy RC. Effect of pethidine, fentanyl and morphine on post-operative shivering in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984;28:138-143.
151. Nalda MA, Gomar C, Luis M. The effect of ketanserin on post-anaesthetic vasoconstriction and shivering. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1985;2:265-277.
152. Talke P, Tayefeh F, Sessler DI, Jeffrey R, Noursalehi M, Richardson C. Dexmedetomidine does not alter the sweating threshold, but comparably and linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:835-841.
153. Götz E, Bogosyan S, Müller E, Litz R: [Treatment of postoperative shivering with nalbuphine]. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1995;30:28-31.
154. Powell RM, Buggy DJ. Ondansetron given before induction of anesthesia reduces shivering after general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:1423-7.
155. Rodriguez JL, Weissman C, Damask MC, Askanazi J, Hyman AI, Kinney JM. Physiologic requirements during rewarming: Suppression of the shivering response. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:490-497.
156. Zwischenberger JB, Kirsh MM, Dechert RE, Arnold DK, Bartlett RH. Suppression of shivering decreases oxygen consumption and improves hemodynamic stability during postoperative rewarming. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;43:428-431.
157. Feldberg W, Myers RD. A new concept of temperature regulation by amines in the hypothalamus (letter). Nature. 1963;200:1325.
158. Feldberg W, Myers RD. Effects on temperature of amines injected into the cerebral ventricles. A new concept of temperature regulation. J Physiol. 1964;173:226-237.
159. Hellon RF. Monoamines, pyrogens and cations: Their actions on central control of body temperature. Pharmacol Rev. 1975;26:289-321.
160. Gordon CJ. Temperature regulation in laboratory rodents. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
161. Myers RD, Lee TF. Neurochemical aspects of thermoregulation, Advances in comparative and environmental physiology. Edited by Wang LCH. Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1989, pp 161-203.
162. Myers RD, Yaksh TL. Feeding and temperature responses in the unrestrained at after injections of cholinergic and aminergic substances into the cerebral ventricles. Physiol Behav. 1968;3:917-928.
163. Quan N, Blatteis CM. Intrapreoptically microdialyzed and microinjected norepinephrine evokes different thermal responses. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:R816-21.
164. Findlay JD, Thompson GE. The effect of intraventricular injections of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine and tranylcypromine on the ox (Bos taurus) at different environmental temperature. J Physiol. 1968;194:809-816.
165. Bligh J, Cottle WH, Maskrey M. Influence of ambient temperature responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine injected into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep, goats and rabbits. J Physiol. 1971; 212:377-392.
166. Myers RD. Hypothalamic control of thermoregulation, Handbook of the hypothalamus. Edited by Morgane PJ, Panksepp J. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1980, pp 83-210.
167. Zeisberger E. Biogenic amines and thermoregulatory changes. Prog Brain Res. 1998;115:159-176
168. Zeisberger E. Cold adaptation, Physiology and pathophysiology of temperature regulation. Edited by Blatteis CM. Singapore, World Scientific, 1998, pp 208-227.
169. Quan N, Xin L, Ungar AL, Blatteis CM. Preoptic norepinephrine-induced hypothermia is mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262: R407-R411.
170. Myers RD, Chinn C. Evoked release of hypothalamic norepinephrine during thermoregulation in the cat. Am J Physiol. 1973;224: 230-236.
171. Ruwe WD, Ferguson AV, Bauce L, Veale WL. Release of hypothalamic neurotransmitters: alterations caused by exposure to a unique early thermal environment, Thermal Physiology. Edited by Hales JRS. New York, Raven, 1984, pp 129-132.
172. Komiskey HL, Rudy TA. Serotonergic influences on brain stem thermoregulatory mechanisms in the cat. Brain Res. 1977;134:297-315.
173. Watanabe T, Morimoto A, Murakami N. Effect of amine on temperature-responsive neuron in slice preparation of rat brain stem. Am J Physiol. 1986; 250: R553-R559.
174. Zeisberger E, Ewen K: Ontogenetic, thermoadaptive and pharmacological changes in threshold and slope for thermoregulatory reactions in the guinea-pig (Cavia aperea porcellus). J Therm Biol. 1983;8:55-57.
175. Brück K. Basic mechanisms in thermal long-term and short-term adaptations. J Therm Biol. 1986;11:73-77.
176. Myers RD, Yaksh TL. Control of body temperature in the unanesthetized monkey by cholinergic and aminergic systems in the hypothalamus. J Physiol. 1969;202:483-500.
177. Sweatman P, Jell RM. Dopamine and histamine sensitivity of rostral hypothalamic neurones in the cat: possible involvement in thermoregulation. Brain Res. 1977;127:173-178.
178. Scott IM, Boulant JA. Dopamine effects on thermosensitive neurons in hypothalamic tissue slices. Brain Res. 1984;306:157-163.
179. Ruwe WD, Myers RD. Dopamine in the hypothalamus of the cat: pharmacological characterization and push-pull perfusion analysis of sites mediating hypothermia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1978;9:65-80.
180. De Roij TA, Ferns J, Bakker J, Nemeth F. Thermoregulatory effects of intraventricularly injected dopamine in the goat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1977;43:1-7.
181. Brown SJ, Gisolfi CV, Mora F. Temperature regulation and dopaminergic systems in the brain: does the substantia nigra play a role? Brain Res. 1982; 234:275-286.
182. Green MD, Cox B, Lomax P. Sites and mechanisms of actions of histamine in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1976;15:321-324.
183. Pilc A, Nowak JZ. The influence of 4-methylhistamine, an agonist of histamine H2 receptors on body temperature in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1980;19:773-775.
184. Bugajski J, Zacny E. The role of central histamine H1- and H2-receptors in hypothermia induced by histamine in the rat. Agents Actions. 1981;11:442-7.
185. Lomax P, Green MD. Histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways. FASEB J. 1981;40:2741-2745.
186. Jasinski DR, Preston KL. A comparative assay of nefopam, morphine and d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology. 1987;91:273-278.
187. Tresnak-Rustad NJ, Wood ME. In vitro biochemical effects of nefopam hydrochloride, a new analgesic agent. Biochem Pharmacol. 1981;20:2847-50.
188. Campos VM, Solis EL. The analgesic and hypothermic effects of nefopam, morphine, aspirin, diphenhydramine, and placebo. J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;20:42-49.
189. Lehmann KA, Horrichs G, Hoeckle W. Tramadol as an intraoperative analgesic. A randomized double blind study with placebo. Anaesthesist. 1985;34:11-19.
190. Pang WW, Huang PY, Chang DP, Huang MH. The peripheral analgesic effect of tramadol in reducing propofol injection pain: a comparison with lidocaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:246-9.
191. Driessen B, Reimann W. Interaction of the central analgesic tramadol, with the uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;105:147-51.
192. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL. Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an "atypical" opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260:275-85.
193. Frink MC, Hennies HH, Englberger W, Haurand M, Wilffert B. Influence of tramadol on neurotransmitter systems of the rat brain. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46:1029-36.
194. Lai J, Ma SW, Porreca F, Raffa RB. Tramadol, M1 metabolite and enantiomer affinities for cloned human opioid receptors expressed in transfected HN9.10 neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;316:369-372.
195. Desmeules JA, Piguet V, Collart L, Dayer P. Contribution of monoaminergic modulation to the analgesic effect of tramadol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;41:7-12.
196. Krause T, Tonner PH, Scholz J, Schweers S, Schulte AM, Esch J. Interaction of tramadol with cerebral alpha2-adrenoceptors. Possible role in attenuation of postoperative shivering. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:A-388.
197. Maze M, Tranquilli W. Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:581-605.
198. Surprenant A, North RA. Mechanism of synaptic inhibition by noradrenaline acting at alpha2-adrenoceptors. Proc R Soc Biol. 1988;234:85-114.
199. Evans RJ, Surprenant A. Effects of phospholipase alpha2-inhibitors on coupling of alpha2-adrenoceptors to inwardly rectifying potassium currents in guinea pig submucosal neurones. Br J Pharmacol. 1993;10:591-596.
200. Maze M. Clinical uses of alpha2-agonists, 46th Annual Refresher Course Lectures. Atlanta 1995, ASA, 1995, pp 125.
201. Lipscombe D, Kongsamut S, Tsien RW. Alpha-adrenergic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmitter release mediated by modulation of N-type calcium-channel gating. Nature. 1989;340:639-642.
202. Myers RD, Simpson CW, Higgins D, Nattermann RA, Rice JC, Redgrave P, Metcalf G. Hypothalamic Na+ and Ca++ ions and temperature set-point: new mechanisms of action of a central or peripheral thermal challenge and intrahypothalamic 5-HT, NE, PGE1, and pyrogen. Brain Res Bull 1976;1:301-327.
203. Crisinel D, Bissonnette B, Feihl F, Gardaz JP. [Efficacy of ketanserin on postanesthetic shivering]. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim. 1997;16:120-5.
204. Leysen JE, Niemegeers CJE, van Nueten JM, Laduron PM: [3H] Ketanserin (R41 468), a selective 3H-ligand for serotonin2 receptor binding sites. Mol Pharmacol 1982; 21: 301-314
205. Dewar KM, Lima L, Reader TA: [3H] ketanserin binds to non-5-HT2 sites in rabbit cerebral cortex and neostriatum. Neurochem Res 1990; 15: 507-14
206. Alhaider AA: Antinociceptive effect of ketanserin in mice: involvement of supraspinal 5-HT2 receptors in nociceptive transmission. Brain Res 1991; 543: 335-40
207. McCall RB, Schuette MR: Evidence for an alpha-1 receptor-mediated central sympathoinhibitory action of ketanserin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984; 228: 704-710
208. Koss MC: Mechanism of ketanserin-induced sympatho-inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 194: 161-6
209. Bock M, Sinner B, Gšttlicher M, Martin E, Motsch J: Dolasetron prevents postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: A-1184
210. Mazzola-Pomietto P, Aulakh CS, Murphy DL: Temperature, food intake, and locomotor activity effects of a 5-HT3 receptor agonist and two 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in rats. Psychopharmacology 1995; 121: 488-93
211. Sevcik J, Nieber K, Driessen B, Illes P: Effects of the central analgesic tramadol and its main metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, on rat locus coeruleus neurones. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 169-176
212. Stamford JA: Descending control of pain. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 217-227
213. Ruiz Ortega JA, Ugedo L: Activation of 5-HT1A receptors potentiates the clonidine inhibitory effect in the locus coeruleus. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 333: 159-62
214. Bamigbade TA, Davidson C, Langford RM, Stamford JA: Actions of tramadol, its enantiomers and principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, on serotonin (5-HT) efflux and uptake in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 352-356
215. Hinckel P, Cristante L, BrŸck K: Inhibitory effects of the lower brain stem on shivering. J Therm Biol 1983; 8: 129-131
216. Jones SL, Light AR: Serotonergic medullary raphespinal projection to the lumbar spinal cord in the rat: a retrograde immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 1992; k322: 599-610
217. Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Riley T, Norton FR, Rosin DL, Lynch KR: Alpha2A-adrenergic receptors are present in lower brainstem catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons innervating spinal cord. Brain Res 1994; 638: 285-294
218. BrŸck K, Hinckel P: Thermoafferent networks and their adaptive modifications, Thermoregulation: Physiology and Biochemistry. Edited by Schšnbaum E, Lomax P. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1990, pp 129-152
219. LaMotte CC, De Lanerolle NC: Ultrastructure of chemically defined neuron systems in the dorsal horn of the monkey. III. Serotonin immunoreactivity. Brain Res 1983; 274: 65-77
220. Basbaum AI, Fields HL: Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Ann Rev Neurosci 1984; 7: 309-338
221. Spray DC: Cutaneous temperature receptors. Annu Rev Physiol 1986; 48: 625-638
222. Anderson EG, Proudfit HK: The functional role of the bulbospinal serotonergic nervous system, Serotonin neurotransmission and behavior. Edited by Jacobs BL, Gelperin A. London, The MIT Press, 1981, pp 307-338
223. Parry O, Roberts MHT: The responses of motoneurons to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Neuropharmacology 1980; 19: 515-518
224. White SR, Neuman RS: Facilitation of spinal motoneurone excitability by 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline. Brain Res 1980; 188: 119-127
225. Svensson TH, Bunney BS, Aghajanian GK: Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the a2-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Brain Res 1975; 92: 291-306
226. Alojado MES, Ohta Y, Kemmotsu O: The effect of clonidine on the activity of neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus in vitro. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 257-60
227. Guo TZ, Jiang JY, Buttermann AE, Maze M: Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus coeruleus produces antinociception. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 873-81
228. Xie CW, Tang J, Han JS: Clonidine stimulated the release of dynorphin in the spinal cord of the rat: a possible mechanism for its depressor effects. Neurosci Lett 1986; 65: 224-228
229. Klimscha W, Tong C, Eisenach JC: Intrathecal a2-adrenergic agonists stimulate acetylcholine and norepinephrine release from the spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 110-6
230. Botticelli LJ, Cox BM, Goldstein A: Immunoreactive dynorphin in mammalian spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 7783-7786
231. Myers RD, Beleslin DB, Rezvani AH: Hypothermia: role of alpha 1- and alpha 2-noradrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus of the cat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 26: 373-9
232. Jell RM: Responses of hypothalamic neurones to local temperature and to acetylcholine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Brain Res 1973; 55: 123-134
233. Beckman AL, Eisenman JS: Microelectrophoresis of biogenic amines on hypothalamic thermosensitive cells. Science 1970; 170: 334-336
234. Hall GH, Myers MD: Temperature changes produced by nicotine injected into the hypothalamus of the conscious monkey. Brain Res 1972; 37: 241-251
235. Preston E: Central effects of cholinergic-receptor blocking drugs on the conscious rabbit's thermoregulation against body cooling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1974; 188: 400-9
236. Kirkpatrick WE, Lomax P: The effect of atropine on the body temperature of the rat following systemic and intracerebral injection. Life Sci 1967; 6: 2273-2278
237. Mott JC: Effects of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor stimulation on shivering. Physiol (London) 1963; 166: 563-586
238. Myers RD, Waller MB: Differential release of acetylcholine from the ypothalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during thermoregulation. J Physiol 1973; 230: 273-293
239. Saxena AK, Tangri KK, Mishra N, Vrat S, Bhargava KP: Presence of cholinoceptors in mesencephalic raphe nuclei concerned in thermoregulation in rabbits. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1984; 11: 105-10
240. Griffiths EC, Slater P, Widdowson PS: The hypothermic action of carbachol in the rat brain periaqueductal grey area may involve neurotensin. Br J Pharmacol 1986; 1986: 653-8
241. Romono JA, Shih TM: Cholinergic mechanisms of analgesia produced by physostigmine, morphine and cold water swimming. Neuropharmacology 1988; 22: 827-833
242. Aiello-Malmberg P, Bartolini A, Bartolini R, Galli A: Effects of morphine, physostigmine and raphe nuclei stimulation on 5-hydroxytryptamine release from the cerebral cortex of the cat. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 65: 547-555
243. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Veith RC, Wilkinson CW, Federighi D, Dorsa DM: Differential effects of aging on neuroendocrine responses to physostigmine in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 1420-5
244. Pedigo NW, Dewey WL: Comparison of the antinociceptive activity of intraventricularly administered acetylcholine to narcotic antinociception. Neurosci Lett 1981; 26: 85-90
245. Naguib M, Yaksh TL: Antinociceptive effects of spinal cholinesterase inhibition and isobolographic analysis of the interaction with µ and a2 receptor systems. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 1338-48
246. Baxendale BR, Mahajan RP, Crossley AW: Anticholinergic premedication influences the incidence of postoperative shivering. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 291-4
247. Durieux ME: Muscarinic signaling in the central nervous system. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 173-89
248. Z‡borszky L, Cullinan WE, Luine VN: Catecholamine-cholinergic interaction in the basal forebrain. Prog Brain Res 1993; 98: 31-49
249. Semba K: Aminergic and cholinergic afferents to REM sleep induction regions of the pontine reticular formation in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1993; 330: 543-56
250. Losier BJ, Semba K: Dual projections of single cholinergic and aminergic brainstem neurons to the thalamus and basal forebrain in the rat. Brain Res 1993; 604: 41-52
251. Clark WG, Lipton JM: Brain and pituitary peptides in thermoregulation, Thermoregulation: Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy. Edited by Schšnbaum E, Lomax P. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1991, pp 509-560
252. Saltzman SK, Beckman A: Effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone on hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1981; 7: 325-332
253. Hori T, Yamasaki M, Asami T, Koga H, Kiyohara T: Responses of anterior hypothalamic-preoptic thermosensitive neurons to TRH and Cyclo (His-Pro). Neuropharmacology 1988; 27: 895-901
254. Kiyohara T, Hori T, Shibata M, Nakashima T: Effects of angiotensin II on preoptic thermosensitive neurones in the rat, Thermal Physiology. Edited by Hales JRS. New York, Raven Press, 1984, pp 141-144
255. Baldino Jr F, Beckman AL, Adler MW: Actions of iontophoretically applied morphine on hypothalamic thermosensitive units. Brain Res 1980; 196: 199-208
256. Hori T, Yamasaki M, Kiyohara T, Shibata M: Responses of preoptic thermosensitive neurons to poikilothermia-inducing peptides-bombesin and neurotensin. PflŸgers Arch 1986; 407: 558-560
257. Cooper KE, Kasting NW, Lederis K, Veale WL: Evidence supporting a role for endogenous vasopressin in natural suppression of fever in the sheep. J Physiol 1979; 295: 33-45
258. Kandasamy SB, Williams BA: Hypothermic and antipyretic effects of ACTH (1-24) and alpha-melanotropin in guinea-pigs. Neuropharmacology 1984; 23: 49-53
259. Burks TF: Opioids and opioid receptors in thermoregulation, Thermoregulation: Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy. Edited by Schšnbaum E, Lomax P. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1991, pp 489-508
260. Clark WG, Lipton JM: Changes in body temperature after administration of amino acids, peptides, dopamine, neuroleptics and related agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1985; 9: 299-371
261. BlŠsig J, BŠuerle U, Herz A: Endorphin-induced hyperthermia: characterization of the exogenously and endogenously induced effects. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979; 309: 137-143
262. Bloom AS, Tseng LF: Effects of beta-endorphin on body temperature in mice at different ambient temperatures. Peptides 1981; 2: 293-297
263. Martin GE, Bacino CB: Action of intracerebrally injected beta-endorphin on the rat's core temperature. Eur J Pharmac 1979; 59: 227-236
264. Jacquet YF: Opposite temporal changes after a single central administration of beta-endorphin: tolerance and sensitization. Life Sci 1982; 30: 2215-2219
265. Stanton TL, Sartin NF, Beckman AL: Changes in body temperature and metabolic rate following microinjection of Met-enkephalinamide in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus of rats. Regul Pept 1985; 12: 333-343
266. Lin MT, Chern YF, Chen FF, Su CY: Serotoninergic mechanisms of beta-endorphin-induced hypothermia in rats. PflŸgers Arch 1979; 382: 87-90
267. Liem ST, Aldrete JA: Control of post-anaesthetic shivering. Can Anaesth Soc J 1974; 21: 506-510
268. Liu WHD, Luxton MC: Effect of prophylactic fentanyl on shivering in elective caesarean section under epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 344-348
269. Shehabi Y, Gatt S, Buckman T, Isert P: Effect of adrenaline, fentanyl and warming of injectate on shivering following extradural analgesia in labour. Anaesth Intens Care 1990; 18: 31-37
270. Lyons B, Carroll M, McDonald NJ: The treatment of postanaesthetic shivering: a double blind comparison between alfentanil and pethidine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 979-982
271. Sevarino FB, Johnson MD, Lema MJ, Datta S, Ostheimer GW, Naulty JS: The effect of epidural sufentanil on shivering and body temperature in the parturient. Anesth Analg 1989; 68: 530-33
272. Wheelahan JM, Leslie K, Silbert BS: Epidural fentanyl reduces the shivering threshold during epidural lidocaine anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1998; 87: 587-90
273. Way WL, Way EL: Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Third Edition. Edited by Katzung BG. Norwalk, Connecticut, Appleton & Lange, 1987, pp 336-349
274. Wrench IJ, Cavill G, Ward JEH, Crossley AWA: Comparison between alfentanil, pethidine and placebo in the treatment of post-anesthetic shivering. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 541-542
275. Burks L, Aisner J, Fortner CL, Wiernik PH: Meperidine for the treatment of shaking chills and fever. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 483-484
276. Guffin A, Girard D, Kaplan JA: Shivering following cardiac surgery: Hemodynamic changes and reversal. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1987; 1: 24-28
277. Macintyre PE, Pavlin EG, Dwersteg JF: Effect of meperidine on oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory gas exchange in postanesthesia shivering. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 751-755
278. Alfonsi P, Sessler DI, Du Manoir B, Levron J-C, Le Moing J-P, Chauvin M: The effects of meperidine and sufentanil on the shivering threshold in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 43-48
279. Kurz A, Ikeda T, Sessler DI, Larson M, Bjorksten AR, Dechert M, Christensen R: Meperidine decreases the shivering threshold twice as much as the vasoconstriction threshold. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 1046-1054
280. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Annadata R, Dechert M, Christensen R: Midazolam minimally impairs thermoregulatory control. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 393-398
281. Wang JJ, Ho ST, Lee SC, Liu YC: A comparison among nalbuphine, meperidine, and placebo for treating postanesthetic shivering. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 686-9
282. Horan PJ, Ho IK: Comparative pharmacological and biochemical studies between butorphanol and morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 34: 847-854
283. Pick CG, Paul D, Pasternak GW: Nalbuphine, a mixed kappa 1 and kappa 3 analgesic in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262: 1044-50
284. Wongchanapai W, Tsang BK, He Z, Ho IK: Differential involvement of opioid receptors in intrathecal butorphanol-induced analgesia compared to morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59: 723-727
285. Yakimova KS, Sann H, Pierau FK: Effects of kappa and delta opioid agonists on activity and thermosensitivity of rat hypothalamic neurons. Brain Res 1998; 786: 133-42
286. Alojado MES, Ohta Y, Yamamura T, Kemmotsu O: The effect of fentanyl and morphine on neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat: an in vitro study. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 726-32
287. Ohta Y, Alojado MES, Kemmotsu O: Activity changes in rat raphe magnus neurons at different concentrations of fentanyl in vitro. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 890-5
288. Fu MJ, Tsen LY, Lee TY, Lui PW, Chan SH: Involvement of cerulospinal glutamatergic neurotransmission in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity in the rat. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1450-9
289. Harrison C, Smart D, Lambert DG: Stimulatory effects of opioids. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 20-28
290. Boulant JA: Hypothalamic neurons. Mechanisms of sensitivity to temperature. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 856: 108-15
291. Griffin JD, Kaple ML, Boulant JA: Hypothalamic regional differences in neuronal responses to temperature and cyclic AMP. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1990; 16: 574
292. McFadzean I, Lacey M, Hill R, Henderson G: Kappa opioid receptor activation depresses excitatory synaptic input to rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 1987; 20: 231-9
293. Dickenson AH: Spinal cord pharmacology of pain. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 193-200
294. Myers RD, Yaksh TL: Thermoregulation around a new "set-point" established in the monkey by altering the ratio of sodium to calcium ions within the hypothalamus. J Physiol 1971; 218: 609-633
295. Myers RD, Veale WL: The role of sodium and calcium ions in the hypothalamus in the control of body temperature of the unanaesthetized cat. J Physiol 1971; 212: 411-430
296. Myers RD, Tytell M: Fever: reciprocal shift in brain sodium to calcium ratio as the setpoint temperature rises. Science 1972; 178: 765-767
297. Myers RD: Diencephalic efflux of 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ ions in the febrile cat: effect of an antipyretic. Brain Res 1976; 103: 412-417
298. Lynch CI: Voltage-gated calcium channels, Anesthesia: biologic foundations. Edited by Yaksh TL, Lynch CI, Zapol WM, Maze M, Biebuyck JF, Saidman LJ. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998, pp 163-196
299. Seoane JR, Baile CA: Feeding and temperature changes in sheep following injections of barbiturates, Ca++, or Mg++ into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle or cerebral aqueduct. J Dairy Sci 1975; 58: 515-20
300. Myers RD: The role of ions in thermoregulation and fever, Pyretics and antipyretics. Edited by Milton AS. Berlin, Springer, 1982, pp 151-186
301. Neubeiser RE, Platner WS, Shields JL: Magnesium in blood and tissues during cold exposure. J Appl Physiol 1961; 16: 247-249
302. Stendig-Lindberg G, Moran D, Shapiro Y: How significant is magnesium in thermoregulation? J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 9: 73-85
303. Parsons MT, Owens CA, Spellacy WN: Thermic effects of tocolytic agents: decreased temperature with magnesium sulfate. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 88-90
304. Reynolds JEF: Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th Edition. London, The Pharmaceutical Press, 1989, pp 1896
305. Kornhuber J, Parsons CG, Hartmann S, Retz W, Kamolz S, Thome J, Riederer P: Orphenadrine is an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist: binding and patch clamp studies. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1995; 102: 237-46
306. Fry ENS: Postoperative analgesia using papaveretum and orphenadrine. Anaesthesia 1979; 34: 281-3
307. Yamamura T, Harada K, Okamura A, Kemmotsu O: Is the site of action of ketamine anesthesia the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor? Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 704-710
308. White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ: Ketamine - its pharmacological and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 1982; 56: 119-136
309. Hirota K, Lambert DG: [Editorial] Ketamine: its mechanism(s) of action and unusual clinical uses. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 441-444
310. Lundy PM, Lockwood PA, Thompson G, Frew R: Differential effects of ketamine isomers on neuronal and extraneuronal catecholamine uptake mechanisms. Anesthesiology 1986; 64: 359-363
311. Crisp T, Perrotti JM, Smith DL, Stafinsky JL, Smith DJ: The local monoaminergic dependency of spinal ketamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 194:167-172
312. Taylor DCM, Gayton RJ, Miley HE, Cross NP, Parton MP: The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists on hypothalamic neurones in the anaesthetized rat which respond to changes in scrotal skin temperature. Neurosci Lett 1995; 201: 259-261
313. Van Gaalen M, Kawahara H, Kawahara Y, Westerink BH: The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in the rat brain studied by dual-probe microdialysis. Brain Res 1997; 763: 56-62
314. Singewald N, Kaehler ST, Hemeida R, Philippu A: Influence of excitatory amino acids on basal and sensory stimuli-induced release of 5-HT in the locus coeruleus. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 746-52
315. Dodson ME, Fryer JM: Postoperative effects of methylphenidate. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52: 1265-1270
316. Taylor D, Ho BT: Comparison of inhibition of monoamine uptake by cocaine, methylphenidate and amphetamine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1978; 21: 67-75
317. Dalal S, Melzack R: Potentiation of opioid analgesia by psychostimulant drugs: a review. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 245-53
318. Janowsky AJ, Hauger RL: CNS Stimulants, Principles of pharmacology: basic concepts and clinical applications. Edited by Munson PL. New York, Chapman & Hall, 1995, pp 453-464
319. Bamford OS, Dawes GS, Hanson MA, Ward RA: The effects of doxapram on breathing, heart rate and blood pressure in fetal lambs. Respir Physiol 1986; 66: 387-396
320. Riddell PL, Robertson GS: Use of doxapram as an arousal agent in outpatient general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1978; 50: 921-4
321. Kesecioglu J, Rupreht J, Telci L, Dzoljic M, Erdmann W: Effect of aminophylline or physostigmine on recovery from nitrous oxide-enflurane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35: 616-620
322. Roy RC, Stulken EH: Electroencephalographic evidence of arousal in dogs from halothane after doxapram, physostigmine, or naloxone. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 392-7
323. Kee N: Intrathecal pethidine: pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998; 26: 137-46
324. Alfonsi P, Hongnat JM, Lebrault C, Chauvin M: The effects of pethidine, fentanyl and lignocaine on postanesthetic shivering. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 214-217
325. Glosten B, Sessler DI, Ostman LG, Faure EAM, Thisted RA: Intravenous lidocaine does not cause tremor or alter thermoregulation. Reg Anesth 1991; 16: 218-222
326. Carlsson A, Lindqvist M: Central and peripheral monoaminergic membrane-pump blockade by some addictive analgesics and antihistamines. J Pharm Pharmacol 1969; 21: 460-464
327. Rogers KJ: Role of brain monoamines in the interaction between pethidine and tranylcypromine. Eur J Pharmacol 1971; 14: 86-88
328. Larsen J-J, Hyttel J: 5-HT-uptake inhibition potentiates antinociception induced by morphine, pethidine, methadone and ketobemidone in rats. Acta Pharmacol et Toxicol 1985; 57: 214-218
329. Carmichael FJ, Israel Y: In vitro inhibitory effects of narcotic analgesics and other psychotropic drugs on the active uptake of norepinephrine in mouse brain tissue. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973; 186: 253-260
330. Montel H, Starke K, Weber F: Influence of fentanyl, levorphanol and pethidine on the release of noradrenaline from rat brain cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1974; 283: 371-377
331. Montel H, Starke K: Effects of narcotic analgesics and their antagonists on the rabbit isolated heart and its adrenergic nerves. Br J Pharmacol 1973; 49: 628-641
332. Izenwasser S, Newman AH, Cox BM, Katz JL: The cocaine-like behavioral effects of meperidine are mediated by activity at the dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 297: 9-17
333. Ebert B, Andersen S, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Ketobemidone, methadone and pethidine are non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in the rat cortex and spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 1995; 187: 165-168
334. Jones BW: The use of Demerol as an anesthetic agent. J Am Assoc Nurse Anesth 1974; 42: 439-446
335. Hustveit O, Setekleiv J: Fentanyl and pethidine are antagonists on muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileum. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37: 541-544
336. Takada K, Tonner PH, Maze M: Meperidine functions as an alpha2B adrenoceptor agonist. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: A-809
337. Sessler DI: A proposal for new temperature monitoring and thermal management guidelines (letter). Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1298-300
338. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 540-546
339. Churn SB, Taft WC, Billingsley MS, Blair RE, DeLorenzo RJ: Temperature modulation of ischemic neuronal death and inhibiton of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in gerbils. Stroke 1990; 21: 1715-1721
340. Dietrich WD, Busto R, Halley M, Valdes I: The importance of brain tempeature in alterations of the blood-brain barrier following cerebral ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1990; 49: 486-497
341. Minamisawa H, Smith M-L, Siesjo BK: The effect of mild hyperthermia and hypothermia on brain damage following 5, 10, and 15 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 26-33
342. Vacanti RX, Ames III A: Mild hypothermia and Mg++ protect against irreversible damage during CNS ischemia. Stroke 1984; 15: 695-698
343. Anonymous: Perioperative shivering. Lancet 1991; 338: 547-48
344. Grundy HF: Cardiovascular effects of morphine, pethidine, diamorphine and nalorphine on the cat and rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 1971; 42: 159-178
345. Muldoon SM, McKenzie JE, Collins FJ: Pressor effect of nalbuphine in hemorrhagic shock is dependent on the sympathoadrenal system. Circ Shock 1988; 26: 89-98
346. Vickers MD, O'Flaherty D, Szekely SM, Read M, Yoshizumi J: Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid without depression of respiration. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 291-296
347. Heel RC, Brogden RN, Pakes GE, Speight TM, Avery GS: Nefopam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1980; 19: 249-267
348. Schaffer K, Braun HA: Modulation of cutaneous cold receptor function by electrolytes, hormones and thermal adaptation. Physiol Res 1992; 41: 71-5
349. Kozyreva TV: Two periods in the response of the skin cold receptors to intravenous infusion of noradrenaline. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 813: 176-183
350. Panksepp J: Hypothalamic integration of behaviour: Rewards, punishments, and related psychological processes, Handbook of the Hypothalamus. Edited by Morgane PJ, Panksepp J. New York, 1980, pp 289-431
351. r>Nieuwenhuys R: "New" entities in the central nervous system: the [paracrine?] core and its adjuncts, Chemoarchitecture of the brain. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1985, pp 177-193
352. Gebhart GF, Sandkuhler J, Thalhammer JG, Zimmermann M: Inhibition of spinal nociceptive information by stimulation in midbrain of the cat is blocked by lidocaine microinjected in nucleus raphe magnus and medullary reticular formation. J Neurophysiol 1983; 50: 1446-1459
353. SzelŽnyi Z, Hinckel P: Changes in cold- and heat-defence following electrolytic lesions of raphe nuclei in the guinea-pig. PflŸgers Arch 1987; 409: 175-181